Homeschooling Is Growing Worldwide

Homeschool Growth in the United States

Below this are later figures that I have gathered through on-line research and discussion, and with help from officials of various state governments in the United States.

Homeschooling is growing rapidly in the United States, with hundreds of thousands of children now being taught by their parents at home instead of in public or private classroom schools. The private, decentralized nature of homeschooling makes accurate estimates of the numbers of homeschoolers difficult; moreover, some persons estimating numbers of homeschoolers purposely err on the low side, while others prefer to err on the high side. Alfie Kohn, an editor of Psychology Today magazine, reported estimates of the homeschooling population that ranged from an intentionally low estimate "in the low five figures" before 1985, as well as an estimate erring "on the side of hyperbole" from 1988 of one million children being taught in home schools. Alfie Kohn, "Home Schooling," Atlantic, April 1988, pp. 20, 21. Kohn concluded in 1988 that a good estimate current to early 1988 would be 200,000 to 300,000 children taught at home. Michael P. Farris, president of the Home School Legal Defense Association (HSLDA), estimated the homeschooling population in the United States at the beginning of 1990, describing a figure of 300,000 children educated at home as one based on "the most conservative estimates," and pointing out that that figure exceeds the number of public school pupils in the states of Vermont, Delaware, and Wyoming combined. Michael P. Farris, "The Berlin Wall and American Education," Teaching Home, February-March 1990, p. 56. The National Home Education Research Institute published data late in 1990 suggesting the number of school age children educated at home may be as high as 470,000. "How Many Home-Schooled Children Are There?," Home School Court Report, Christmas 1990, p. 5. Several earlier writers have suggested that homeschooling would grow even faster in the United States if states had more liberal homeschooling laws; observers generally agree that the number of parents involved in homeschooling is growing, uncertain, and limited at present by fear of legal sanctions. Stephen Arons, Compelling Belief: The Culture of American Schooling (1983), p. 125 (reporting parental fears of prison terms or losing custody of children); John Naisbitt, Megatrends: Ten New Directions Transforming Our Lives (1982), pp. 142-45; John Whitehead & Wendell R. Bird, Home Education and Constitutional Liberties (1984), pp. 18-19; Alfie Kohn, "Home Schooling," Atlantic, April 1988, pp. 20, 21.

Patricia Lines, a former Education Commission of the States staff member and now a federal Department of Education official, has estimated the homeschooled population from time to time. Her article "Estimating the Home Schooled Population," a working paper of the Department of Education published in October 1991, is the most thorough available on this subject. Her abstract said, "Curriculum suppliers, state departments of education, and home school leaders, are the sources used to estimate that between 248,500 and 353,500 school-aged children (K-12) were educated at home in the 1990-91 school year." Ms. Lines's working paper (OR 91-537) should be easily found in any library that subscribes to the ERIC microfiche series. The paper notes that many states have no official reporting requirement, leaving sales of homeschooling curricula or membership in homeschooling organizations as the main data for deriving estimates in those states. Ms. Lines has been researching other issues in recent years. She has published other government documents about homeschooling but has yet to publish a fresh set of numbers to update her path-breaking working paper, which is now rather old data in the fast-growing world of homeschooling. I have recently heard Ms. Lines has gathered much data for a new working paper on the number of homeschoolers in the United States.

The National Home Education Research Institute (NHERI) http://www.nheri.org/, which provided some information for the 1991 study by Patricia Lines, conducted a nationwide survey of homeschoolers from 1994 to 1996. According to the recent NHERI study, there were 1.23 million homeschooled students in the United States in the fall of 1996, with an estimated error of measurement of 10 percent. As the NHERI study notes, the number of homeschooled students in the United States exceeds the combined number of schoolchildren in several of the smaller states combined.

Those states that do have official reporting of the number of homeschoolers show steady increases year by year. Increase in the overall number of homeschoolers year by year is certain, but some families give up homeschooling for a time or even permanently, while more and more start. (Reasons for giving up homeschooling range from economic pressures causing both parents to work outside the home, in part to pay taxes for the government-operated schools, and barriers to homeschooler participation in school programs such as sports teams or musical groups unless the children enrol in the government-operated school.) This phenomenon of "churn" in the homeschooled population means that the issue of homeschoolers re-entering the government-operated school system is an one of growing importance for policy makers, who must decide grade placement for homeschoolers entering age-graded schools, allocate "credits" toward graduation, or otherwise apply the bureaucratic regulations of the classroom school system to children who formerly learned outside it.

Arkansas

Steve Deckard, Ed. D.'s book Home Schooling Laws: And Resource Guide for All Fifty States: 8th Edition (1996) reports official figures for the number of homeschooled children reported as of January for several years in Arkansas. Strangely, my own 1998 telephone call to the Arkansas Department of Education found an official who said that the 1997-1998 school year was the first year for which Arkansas was doing a statewide count, by taking reports from local school districts on a rolling basis throughout the school year. (Has the count resumed after a few years of not making the count?) I was told a minimum figure for the 1997-1998 school year over the telephone.

School year   official # HMSCed children   increase
1985-1986                572                N/A
1986-1987                818                43%
1987-1988              1,138                39%
1988-1989              1,400                23%
1989-1990              2,064                47%
1990-1991              2,736                33%
1991-1992              3,140                15%
1992-1993              4,025                28%
1993-1994              4,742                18%
1994-1995              5,193                10%
1995-1996        (no statistics gathered?)
1996-1997        (no statistics gathered?)
1997-1998              8,200                16% (annualised)

These official figures (if the figures Deckard reports are indeed official figures, as seems likely) from the state of Arkansas suggest Arkansas's annual growth in homeschooling over the six years reported is 25 percent, with a slower growth rate in recent years. The Arkansas official figures also show that the homeschooling population of Arkansas is now approaching 2 percent of the enrolment in public K-12 schools.

Colorado

Colorado's Department of Education maintains a Web page showing "State Trends in Home Schooling 1991-1997," on which the following figures may be found in a rather confusingly laid out preformatted text table. Deckard's Home Schooling Laws 8th edition confirms the figure for the 1994-1995 school year but refers to it as a figure "as of [February] 1994," implying that the figure applies to the earlier 1993-1994 school year (which in the United States is the only school year one would expect to include the month of February 1994). Deckard also describes the figure as coming from an unofficial count, and the Web page shows figures for each county, suggesting that local units of government rather than the state government gather the figures.

School year   official # HMSCed children   increase
1991-1992              3,339                N/A
1992-1993              4,390                31%
1993-1994              5,746                31%
1994-1995              6,656                16%
1995-1996              7,567                14%
1996-1997              8,490                12%
1997-1998              8,590                01%

These official figures from the state of Colorado suggest Colorado's annual growth in homeschooling over the six years reported is 17 percent, with a slower growth rate in recent years. The Colorado official figures also show that the homeschooling population of Colorado is now more than 1 percent of the enrollment in public K-12 schools.

Florida

Florida has state-mandated reporting of the number of homeschooled children. Families report to local school districts (which are coextensive with counties in Florida, and sometimes have populations larger than United States congressional districts), which then report to the state. The Florida Department of Education issues a "Statistical Brief" reporting both the number of families and the number of children involved in homeschooling. Florida sometimes sends surveys to various samples of the homeschoolers identified by this process to find out additional information about reasons for homeschooling and the like.

School year   official # HMSCed children   increase
1988-1989              6,035                N/A
1989-1990              7,703                28%
1990-1991              9,992                30%
1991-1992             11,048                11%
1992-1993             14,208                29%
1993-1994             16,623                17%
1994-1995             19,392                17%
1995-1996             22,285                15%
1996-1997             25,930                16%

These official figures from the state of Florida suggest Florida's annual growth in homeschooling is 20 percent, with a slower growth rate in recent years. The Florida official figures also show that the homeschooling population of Florida is now close to 1 percent of the enrolment in public K-12 schools. Interestingly, a publication by Home School Legal Defense Association http://www.hslda.org/ (HSLDA), the February-March 1996 issue of the Home School Court Report, reported an estimate of the number of homeschoolers in Florida much higher than the official state figure. I think this is because some Florida homeschoolers choose to be regulated by the state's statute regulating private (classroom) schools, as many homeschoolers once had no choice but to do, and thus are not counted by the official process of counting homeschoolers in Florida. A newspaper article from the Daytona Beach, Florida News-Journal, "Home Schooling a Growing Trend," reports that about 40 percent of Florida homeschoolers register as private schools under different Florida statutes, meaning the figures above are a substantial undercount.

Georgia

The Georgia Department of Education receives reports on non-public school enrolment from local school systems. The data include both children in "home study programs" and homeschooled children enrolled in private schools (which are often referred to as "umbrella schools" among homeschoolers). The figures below reflect the total enrollment in all varieties of home study programs.

School year   official # HMSCed children   increase
1988-1989              3,755                N/A
1989-1990              4,826                29%
1990-1991              5,581                16%
1991-1992              6,581                18%
1992-1993              8,299                26%
1993-1994             10,521                27%
1994-1995             12,600                20%
1995-1996             15,353                22%
1996-1997             17,481                14%

These official figures from the state of Georgia suggest Georgia's annual growth in homeschooling is 21 percent. The Georgia official figures also show that the homeschooling population of Georgia is more than 1 percent of the enrollment in public K-12 schools.

Indiana

The Indiana Department of Education receives reports from homeschoolers under Indiana's homeschooling law. The department says these reports are "'ballpark' figures at best" and that the figures do not purport to be an accurate count of all homeschooled children in the years noted below. Deckard's Home School Laws 8th edition reports a lower figure for November 1995 than would be expected by interpolation of the official figures below, which I received directly from the department.

School year   official # HMSCed children   increase
1989-1990              1,148                N/A
1990-1991              1,462                27%
1991-1992              1,965                34%
1992-1993              2,533                29%
1993-1994              3,326                31%
1994-1995              4,880                47%
1995-1996              4,430               -09%
1996-1997              5,428                23%

These official figures from the state of Indiana suggest Indiana's annual growth in homeschooling is 30 percent. The Indiana official figures also suggest that the homeschooling population of Indiana is less than 1 percent of the enrolment in public K-12 schools, but this is very likely an undercount, as the Indiana official documents show is possible.

Kentucky

Statewide figures from Kentucky, passed on to me by an E-mail correspondent, show steady growth in homeschooling in that state. Deckard reports that official figures are kept only at the local level.

School year   official # HMSCed children   increase
1992-1993              3,072                N/A
1993-1994              3,993                30%
1994-1995              5,225                31%
1995-1996              6,206                19%
1996-1997              7,313                18%

The homeschooling population of Kentucky is now above 1 percent of the state's public school enrolment. These official figures suggest Kentucky's annual growth in homeschooling is 24 percent.

Maine http://www.state.me.us/education/hs1.htm

An official from Maine, Buzz Kastuck, instantly answered what must be a Frequently Asked Question (FAQ) in his office during an early-morning phone call. The official count of homeschoolers in Maine over the past fifteen years has been:

School year   official # HMSCed children   increase
1981-1982                  3                N/A
1982-1983                 10               233%
1983-1984                 23               130%
1984-1985                133               478%
1985-1986                217                63%
1986-1987                241                11%
1987-1988                415                72%
1988-1989                703                69%
1989-1990              1,162                65%
1990-1991              1,566                35%
1991-1992              1,965                25%
1992-1993              2,465                25%
1993-1994              2,904                19%
1994-1995              3,280                13%
1995-1996              3,340 (preliminary)  02%

The fourteen-year trend in Maine (based on the preliminary figures for the most recent year) is an annual rate of homeschooling growth of 65 percent, with a slower growth rate in recent years. The number of homeschooled children in Maine is more than 1 percent of the school-aged population of the state.

Maryland

The Washington Post newspaper recently reported a series of official figures counting registered homeschoolers in seven Maryland counties, namely Anne Arundel, Calvert, Charles, Howard, Montgomery, Prince George's, and St. Mary's counties.

School year   official # HMSCed children   increase
1991-1992              1,798                N/A
1992-1993              2,041                14%
1993-1994              3,142                54%
1994-1995              3,577                14%
1995-1996              4,403                23%
1996-1997              6,219                41%

The homeschooling population of those Maryland counties is now above 1 percent of the public school enrollment for the same counties. These official figures suggest the annual growth in homeschooling in those counties is 28 percent.

Minnesota

Minnesota, the state of the United States in which I live, is the first state for which I obtained official figures on the number of homeschoolers. Minnesota's homeschooling statute requires notice of intent to Homeschool filed with local school districts, which in turn pass on their counts of homeschooled children to the state. The official figures from the Minnesota Department of Children, Families, and Learning for earlier years were reported in the April 26, 1996 Star Tribune: Newspaper of the Twin Cities on page B10. I later obtained from the department figures for the most recent two years, including in the total number of homeschoolers a small number of homeschoolers reported as "not in compliance" with one aspect or another of Minnesota's homeschooling law (a figure school districts are required to gather by statute). I do not know whether figures for earlier years include that (small) category of homeschoolers not in compliance. My own family appears nowhere in Minnesota's official figures, as my oldest child is still below Minnesota's compulsory instruction age.

School year   official # HMSCed children   increase
1987-1988              2,322                N/A
1988-1989              2,900                25%
1989-1990              3,538                22%
1990-1991              4,418                25%
1991-1992              5,086                15%
1992-1993              6,149                20%
1993-1994              7,671                25%
1994-1995              9,135                19%
1995-1996             10,519                15%
1996-1997             12,168                16%
1997-1998             13,081                08%

Minnesota now has more than 1 percent of its schoolchildren in homeschooling. These official figures suggest the annual growth in homeschooling in Minnesota is 19 percent, with a slower growth rate in recent years.

Montana

The Montana Office of Public Instruction compiles figures on the non-public school enrollment (both private classroom schools and home schools) for that state. The figures I have directly from the department are largely confirmed in Deckard's Home Schooling Laws 8th edition. The homeschooled student numbers are remarkably high for that sparsely populated state.

School year   official # HMSCed children   increase
1990-1991              1,446                N/A
1991-1992              1,659                15%
1992-1993              1,957                18%
1993-1994              2,334                19%
1994-1995              2,910                25%
1995-1996              3,159                08%
1996-1997              3,323                05%
1997-1998              3,799                14%

The number of homeschooled children in Montana exceeds 2 percent of its public K-12 enrollment. These official figures suggest the annual growth in homeschooling in Montana is 15 percent.

Nebraska

Official figures from the Nebraska Department of Education report the number of "Rule 13" religious exemption filings received by January of each year. The figures for 1986-1990 reported in the Lines 1992 working paper disagree with the figures I have recently received directly from the department, for reasons I will have to explore with Ms. Lines when I next contact her. (Perhaps there are other categories of homeschoolers not reported in the data I received from the department?) The figures below are the figures I received directly from the Nebraska Department of Education.

School year   official # HMSCed children   increase
1985-1986                939                N/A
1986-1987              1,376                47%
1987-1988              1,637                19%
1988-1989              1,638                00%
1989-1990              1,907                16%
1990-1991              2,147                13%
1991-1992              2,604                21%
1992-1993              2,931                13%
1993-1994              3,323                13%
1994-1995              3,823                15%
1995-1996              4,137                08%
1996-1997              4,407                07%

Nebraska has more than 1 percent of its schoolchildren in homeschooling. These official figures suggest the annual growth in homeschooling in Nebraska is 15 percent, with perhaps a slower growth rate in recent years.

Nevada

Nevada's figures come to me from an on-line newspaper article, "Home-schoolers say 'the public education system has failed us'," partly confirmed by another Web page, and partly from Deckard's Home Schooling Laws 8th edition. Official figures are apparently gathered by counties.

School year   official # HMSCed children   increase
1985-1986                262                N/A
1986-1987                365                39%
1987-1988       (not reported)
1988-1989                670                35% (annualized)
1989-1990                682                02%
1990-1991                792                16%
1991-1992                861                08%
1992-1993              1,028                19%
1993-1994              1,988                93%
   (Clark County)           671                N/A
1994-1995              2,438                23%
1995-1996
   (Clark County)         1,466                48% (annualized)
1997-1998              4,000                18%
   (Clark County)         1,700                08% (annualized)

These figures show that about homeschooled children number about 1 percent of public school enrolment in Clark County, above 1 percent state-wide. These figures suggest the annual growth in homeschooling in Nevada is 26 percent, with uncertain growth trends in recent years both state-wide and in Clark County, one of the fastest-growing counties in the United States.

New Hampshire

From friends on the Internet, I heard of the following official figures from New Hampshire, which one year didn't count homeschoolers as the state department of education was being reorganized. These official numbers don't include homeschoolers who don't register with the state.

School year   official # HMSCed children   increase
1988-1989                556                N/A
1989-1990                771                39%
1990-1991                790                02%
1991-1992              1,338                69%
1992-1993              1,661                24%
1993-1994              2,039                23%
1994-1995              2,604                28%
1995-1996              3,025                16%
1996-1997          (no statistics gathered)
                   1997-1998              3,333                05% (annualized)

These figures show that more than 1 percent of New Hampshire's school-age children are homeschooling. These official figures suggest the annual growth in homeschooling in New Hampshire is 22 percent, with a slower growth rate in recent years, and an unknown effect of changes in the reporting requirements in the most recent year or two.

New York

My figures for New York state are official figures that come from a Web page maintained by the New York State Union of Teachers, except for figures for the 1996-1997 school year, which came by mail from the New York State Education Department but which exclude New York City figures.

School year   official # HMSCed children   increase
1990-1991                 4,989 (w/o N.Y.C.)   N/A
1991-1992                 6,299 (w/o N.Y.C.)   26%
1992-1993              8,248                30%
1993-1994             10,069                22%
1994-1995             11,473                14%
1995-1996             12,577                09%
1996-1997                12,996 (w/o N.Y.C.)

These figures show that less than 1 percent of New York's school-age children are homeschooling, a proportion the union Web page described as "insignificant." This may be because the homeschooling regulations in New York state are some of the most restrictive in the United States, prompting even well-known homeschooling advocates to avoid the regulations by declining to register with the state at all. These official figures suggest the annual growth in homeschooling in New York (in regions outside New York City) is 17 percent.

North Carolina

The figures for North Carolina come from a database Web page maintained by the North Carolina Division of Non-Public Education, the official reporting authority.

School year   official # HMSCed children   increase
1985-1986                803                N/A
1986-1987              1,572                96%
1987-1988              1,756                12%
1988-1989              2,325                32%
1989-1990              3,206                38%
1990-1991              4,127                29%
1991-1992              5,556                35%
1992-1993              6,947                25%
1993-1994              8,927                29%
1994-1995             11,222                26%
1995-1996             13,801                23%
1996-1997             15,785                14%

These figures show that more than 1 percent of North Carolina's school-age children are homeschooling. These official figures suggest the annual growth in homeschooling in North Carolina is 31 percent.

Oregon

School year   official # HMSCed children   increase
1988-1989              3,716                N/A
1989-1990              4,578                23%
1990-1991              5,543                21%
1991-1992              6,370                15%
1992-1993              7,495                18%
1993-1994              8,857                18%
1994-1995             10,493                18%
1995-1996             10,764                03%
1996-1997             11,264                05%
1997-1998             11,682                04%

These figures show that about 2 percent of Oregon's school-age children are homeschooled. These official figures suggest the annual growth in homeschooling in Oregon is 14 percent.

Pennsylvania

School year   official # HMSCed children   increase
1988-1989              2,152                N/A
1989-1990              3,541                65%
1990-1991              4,844                37%
1991-1992              6,450                33%
1992-1993              8,468                31%
1993-1994             11,027                30%
1994-1995             13,385                21%
1995-1996             15,457                15%
1996-1997             17,861                15%

These figures show that about 1 percent of Pennsylvania's school-age children are homeschooling. These official figures suggest the annual growth in homeschooling in Pennsylvania is 30 percent, with perhaps a slower growth rate in recent years.

South Carolina

The South Carolina State Department of Education sent me figures for the most recent school year after my telephone inquiry in 1998.

School year   official # HMSCed children   increase
1997-1998              7,052                N/A

These official 1997-1998 figures show that about 1 percent of South Carolina's school-aged children are homeschooled. Depending on what school year Deckard's figure of 2,192 for "1995" applies to, the growth rate in recent years has been either 48 percent or 79 percent.

Texas

I obtained some more figures about homeschooling growth from a friend on the Microsoft Network. He lives in Texas, a very populous state, and one without an official count of homeschooled children. He writes, "As one of the founding board members of the Southeast Texas Home School Association (SETHSA) in Houston, Texas in 1986, I have been intimately familiar with the growth of home schooling and the challenge of estimating the home school population. For background, SETHSA started with 12 support groups in 1986 with an average membership of about 25-30 families. We have now grown to more than 100 support groups with an average membership of 60-75 families. We estimate that we serve in excess of 7,000 families. This probably makes us one of the 10 largest home schooling organizations in the United States (now only the 2nd largest in Texas behind the North Texas Home Educators which has over 120 support groups - after only 5 years).

"I also serve on the boards of the state organizations in Texas and we have the 'fun' task of estimating how many home schoolers there are in Texas. (Texas is one of the states where home schoolers do not have to officially register). The extrapolations we've done might be of interest. From discussions among the leaders of the regional associations in Texas we have determined that we serve a combined audience of about 30,000--40,000 families in Texas." He then makes some assumptions about the number of homeschooling families who are not in support groups, and the number of homeschooling children per family. I'll make some more conservative assumptions, estimating that there are 40,000 Texas homeschooling families with two children each that are of school age (not the same as compulsory schooling age, but of such age that they would be enrolled in public school if not homeschooled). That's at least 80,000 homeschooled children in Texas alone, more than 2 percent of the school-age population in Texas. The February-March 1996 issue of Home School Court Report reports an estimate of more than 90,000 homeschooled children in Texas. There have since been much higher estimates of the homeschooling population in Texas, which I do not find credible.

As my friend on MSN notes, "It is also interesting to look at the growth rate that we've seen over the last number of years. Obviously SETHSA has grown substantially since 1986 (360 families => 7,000 families)." That, according to my spreadsheet calculation, is an annual growth rate of 39 percent. In any event, it does appear that the Texas rate of growth in homeschooling is faster than Minnesota's annualised growth rate of 21 percent or Pennsylvania's of about 30 percent. My friend adds, "The growth has accelerated the last few years so the calculations are not exact. . . . Two years ago HSLDA estimated a 20% annual growth rate for the nation, others say they have easily seen a 40% growth rate in their area." As will be seen from the various state figures, a recent national growth rate estimate of about 15 percent (at a time when the number of school-age children in general is increasing) better fits the facts shown by official statistics.

Vermont

Vermont keeps a count of both the number of families homeschooling and the number of children in each family homeschooling. The Vermont of homeschooled children per homeschooled family is about 1.5 to 1.8 most years, but has been as high as 1.9 on occasion. Figures below, as in all other tables, are the number of homeschooled children.

School year   official # HMSCed children   increase
1981-1982                 92                N/A
1982-1983                121                32%
1983-1984                210                74%
1984-1985                176               -16%
1985-1986                185                05%
1986-1987                310                68%
1987-1988                372                20%
1988-1989                428                15%
1989-1990                540                26%
1990-1991                627                16%
1991-1992                818                30%
1992-1993              1,042                27%
1993-1994              1,199                15%
1994-1995              1,437                20%
1995-1996              1,527                06%
1996-1997              1,577                03%
1997-1998              1,638 (preliminary)  04%

These figures show more than 1 percent of Vermont's school-aged children are homeschooled. These official figures suggest the annual growth rate in homeschooling in Vermont is 20 percent, with a slower growth rate in recent years.

Virginia

Virginia homeschoolers can make use of either of two main state statutes when homeschooling. One is a general homeschooling statute, the other a religious exemption from compulsory school attendance statute. Local school authorities in Virginia are the counties or the various independent cities and towns. In former years, some of those local school authorities were reluctant to grant exemptions under the religious exemption statute. Thus the proportion of homeschoolers registering under the religious exemption statute is not an accurate measure of the proportion of Virginia homeschoolers who may be homeschooling for religious reasons in whole or in part. The Commonwealth of Virginia Department of Education began gathering figures about the religious exemption in a later year than when it began gathering figures about the general homeschooling statute, so the data series below begins with figures reporting the number of children registered under the general statute, followed by one year (1993-1994) in which both the aggregate figure of all homeschooled children and the number of children using the general statute are shown, followed by recent years showing only the aggregate figure of all homeschooled children registered with local school authorities.

School year   official # HMSCed children   increase
1991-1992              4,558 (w/o relig.)   N/A
1992-1993              5,842 (w/o relig.)   28% (this category only)
1993-1994              8,454 (7,009 w/o)    20% (above category only)
1994-1995              9,796                16% (aggregate figures)
1995-1996             10,862                11% (aggregate figures)

These figures show about 1 percent of Virginia's school-aged children are homeschooled. These official figures suggest the recent annual growth rate in homeschooling (under both Virginia statutes pertaining to homeschooling) is about 13 percent.

Washington state

School year   official # HMSCed children   increase
1987-1988              4,045                N/A
1988-1989              4,696                16%
1989-1990              5,536                18%
1990-1991              7,046                27%
1991-1992              8,528                21%
1992-1993             10,727                26%
1993-1994             13,584                27%
1994-1995             15,918                17%
1995-1996             18,074                14%
1996-1997             19,923                10%
1997-1998             19,945                00%

These figures show that about 2 percent of school-age children in Washington state are homeschooled. These official figures suggest the growth rate in homeschooling in Washington State is 17 percent, with a slower growth rate in recent years.

Wisconsin

Wisconsin, the state I lived in as a school-age child the year I first heard of homeschooling, has an official state count of homeschoolers.

School year   official # HMSCed children   increase
1985-1986              1,941                N/A
1986-1987              2,821                45%
1987-1988              3,624                28%
1988-1989              4,779                32%
1989-1990              5,869                23%
1990-1991              6,661                13%
1991-1992              7,805                17%
1992-1993              9,401                20%
1993-1994             11,483                22%
1994-1995             13,458                17%
1995-1996             15,632                16%
1996-1997             16,924                08%

These figures show that almost 2 percent of Wisconsin's school-age children are homeschooling. These official figures suggest the annual growth in homeschooling in Wisconsin is 24 percent, with a slower growth rate in recent years.

Overall National Trends in the United States

Taking the Patricia Lines high estimate of 353,500 and applying that as an initial figure for the 1990-1991 school year, and then taking the HHERI low estimate of 1,107,000 homeschooled students for the beginning of the 1996-1997 school year (choosing estimates in this way to show the lowest rate of growth in the national total of homeschoolers), the six-year rate of growth in the number of United States homeschoolers is 21 percent. That calculated aggregate national rate of growth based on estimates of the national population of homeschoolers is plausible, in view of the rates of growth observed in states with official counts of homeschoolers.

To put that in perspective, according to the United States federal government there were 43,476,000 children enrolled in public (i.e., government-operated) elementary and secondary schools in October 1993. That means Lines's lower 1990 estimate of 248,500 homeschooled children already was more than 0.5 percent of the total enrolment in government-operated K-12 schools. The relevant age group of school-age children is growing rapidly as children of Baby Boom parents reach school age, but the current number of homeschoolers in the United States appears to be almost 2 percent of the nationwide school-age population, with more growth credibly expected. State-by-state figures compiled in July 1995 show that eighteen states and the District of Columbia all had lower school-age populations during the 1993-1994 school year than the 1990 estimated number of homeschooled children nationwide.

Thus we may conclude without fear of contradiction that in the United States homeschooling is a phenomenon as big as the total schooling effort of many states, and that it's still growing steadily. The New York Times reported this phenomenon in a widely reprinted article. (I saw a "localized" version of the New York Times piece in the Star Tribune: Newspaper of the Twin Cities of November 30, 1995. Official figures from Minnesota and Wisconsin were cited in that article.) Friends from other states, responding on various computer networks, report steady local growth in their areas.

Homeschool Growth in the Commonwealth

When I first posted this Web page, I wrote, "I have not seen any official figures nor any scholarly estimates of homeschooling populations outside the United States." I now have. Roland Meighan of the University of Nottingham School of Education, a long-time observer of the alternative education movement in Britain, wrote a fascinating article, "Home-based Education Effectiveness Research and Some of its Implications," in volume 47 of Educational Review (November 1, 1995), beginning at page 275. Meighan sums up the international trends in his abstract by writing, "In the UK, USA, Canada, Australia, New Zealand and elsewhere, a quiet revolution has been taking place. More and more families are taking the option of home-based education in preference to school attendance. The evidence supports only two generalisations about this development. The first is that families display considerable diversity in motives, methods and aims. The second is that they are usually very successful in achieving their chosen aims."

Britain

Professor Meighan's article notes an estimate from the time of his article of over 1 million homeschoolers in the United States. He points out that there were as few as twenty families known to be homeschooling in Britain in 1977, but as of the time of his November 1995 article, there were almost 10,000. Indeed, the London Evening Standard newspaper reported on Monday, January 15, 1996 that 15,000 families are estimated to be homeschooling in Britain, which is a 50 percent increase over the year before. It is thought that 100 children a month may be leaving Britain's state schools to begin homeschooling.

Australia

Australia, according to Meighan's article, has 20,000 homeschooling families, including those using a two-way radio system for tutoring children in the remote Outback areas of the country. A member of CompuServe from Australia, in a public message, wrote in early 1996, "Thought some of you may be interested in stats I just received from the Home Schooling Unit of the New South Wales Board of Studies. According to them, as of 10 January 1996, there were 1566 homeschooling students from 975 families registered for homeschooling." The Statesman's Year-Book 1994-95, a superb collection of international statistics, reports that in 1991 there were 746,417 students in government-operated primary and secondary schools in the state of New South Wales, and also 284,330 students in primary and secondary "non-government schools," so as the homeschooling member of CompuServe who lives there commented, "there is still room for a little more growth ." An E-mail to me in late June 1997 from a different Australian correspondent passed on the news that a homeschooling association in Western Australia estimates that there are 3,000 homeschooled children in that state of the Australian commonwealth. In 1993 in Western Australia there were 222,451 students in government schools and 74,288 students in nongovernmental schools, suggesting that homeschooled children make up about 1 percent of the school-age population in that state.

Canada

Canada also has a large and growing homeschooling movement, with a number of homeschooled children nationwide "around 60,000," according to an article in the September 1, 1997 issue of MacLean's magazine. That figure would suggest about 1 percent of Canadian school-age children are homeschooled, a proportion consistent with provincial figures I am still gathering. Canada enjoys an excellent World Wide Web site with pan-Canadian information about homeschooling

  http://www.flora.ottawa.on.ca/homeschool-ca/, put together as a cooperative effort by homeschoolers from coast to coast in that vast country.

New Zealand

New Zealand's number of homeschooled children as of early 1996, according to the New Zealand television program Sixty Minutes (not the same program as the program in the United States with the same name), was about 7,000 school-age children. That figure is more than 1 percent of New Zealand's school-age population.

Homeschooling in Japan

The legal and social environment surrounding homeschooling varies substantially from country to country, but interest in homeschooling appears to be growing all over the world. Ken Schoolland, in his book Shogun's Ghost, and Pat Montgomery, writing in The Learning Edge, the newsletter of the Clonlara Home Based Education Program, both report nascent, growing interest in homeschooling in Japan. Indeed, Japan, where school attendance has long been compulsory, on the Prussian model, for children from ages six to fifteen, now has books about homeschooling in the local language. I am now attempting to apply my reading knowledge of Japanese to homeschooling research by requesting those books through interlibrary loan.

Homeschooling in Other Places

A reader of this page tells me by E-mail that Norway had its first national conference on homeschooling from June 28 to June 30, 1996 in Ullvik, Hardanger. About 50 participants from all parts of the country, including a member of Norway's parliament, a lawyer, and others were expected to speak at the conference as of the time he wrote. In 1993 and 1994 two "entrepreneur" families had much trouble with local governments because they homeschooled. For the moment the legal right to homeschool is acknowledged by Norway's national department of education. According to the reader who wrote to me, only twenty families in Norway are homeschooling now. But the numbers are fast increasing, and are expected to increase more rapidly since Norway lowered its compulsory school attendance age from seven to six in 1997. That change is unpopular with the Norwegian public and thus prompts interest in homeschooling. The Social Democratic party spokeswoman for education in the parliament said on 17 June 1996 that she wants a change in the law so that the general right to homeschool will be eliminated, replaced by a narrow possibility to homeschool if the government finds it necessary! My thanks to the reader who reported this news from the homeland of many of my ancestors.

Homeschooling Can Be Expected to Continue to Grow

The issue of homeschooling is "hot" in Norway. I would appreciate hearing from people in other places what the local trends are where they live. I would especially like to see more year-by-year series of official counts of homeschoolers, from places where those are available. As Roland Meighan aptly wrote, "The basic question of 'will the families cope?' has given way to 'why do they usually cope so easily and so well?' Home-based education effectiveness research demonstrates that children are usually superior to their school-attending peers in social skills, social maturity, emotional stability, academic achievement, personal confidence, communication skills and other aspects. The lessons of this research, as to how the schooling system could be regenerated, are only just beginning to be appreciated. It questions all the fundamental assumptions underpinning schooling, as well as pointing to ways of regenerating and reconstructing education systems in general and schools in particular, in the direction of more flexibility, suitable for the post-modernist scene."

I would be delighted to hear from any reader, anywhere in the world, who has comments on how homeschooling fits into other cultures and other places. One sign of growing Homeschool interest is the number of visits the School is Dead, Learn in Freedom! ^TM Web site gets from from people around the world interested in education reform and learning in freedom. This site has been visited by people logging on to the Internet from countries all over the world, including the United Arab Emirates, Argentina, Australia, Austria, Belgium, Bahrain, Bermuda, Brunei, Brazil, Canada, Switzerland, Chile, China, Colombia, Costa Rica, Cyprus, the Czech Republic, Germany, Denmark, Ecuador, Estonia, Egypt, Spain, Finland, France, Georgia, Greece, Croatia, Hungary, Indonesia, Ireland, Israel, India, Iceland, Italy, Jamaica, Japan, the Republic of Korea, Kuwait, St. Lucia, Latvia, Macau, Mexico, Malaysia, Nicaragua, the Netherlands, Norway, New Zealand, Poland, Portugal, Qatar, Russia, Sweden, Singapore, Slovakia, Slovenia, Thailand, Turkey, Taiwan, Ukraine, the United Kingdom, Venezuela, and South Africa. Of course this site has also been visited by people from all over the United States of America, which is where I'm from and where the server for this site is located. Please let me know if you are visiting from another country or territory

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